Sc2+Life+Processes+and+Living+Things

=__**Sc2 Life Processes and Living Things**__=



Green Plants
Ks1

3. Pupils should be taught:
 * 1) to recognise that plants need light and water to grow
 * 2) to recognise and name the leaf, flower, stem and root of flowering plants
 * 3) that seeds grow into flowering plants.


 * Ks2**

3. Pupils should be taught:

Growth and nutrition

 * 1) the effect of light, air, water and temperature on plant growth
 * 2) the role of the leaf in producing new material for growth
 * 3) that the root anchors the plant, and that water and minerals are taken in through the root and transported through the stem to other parts of the plant

Reproduction

 * 1) about the parts of the flower [for example, stigma, stamen, petal, sepal] and their role in the life cycle of flowering plants, including pollination, seed formation, seed dispersal and germination.

**Knowledge for Teachers**
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Plants include organisms such as tress, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses and green algae. They obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis, using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which give them their green colour.

**Photosynthesis**
Plants are photosynthetic, which means they make their own food using energy obtained from light. Plants use (and need) **carbon dioxide**, **water**, and **sunlight** to produce oxygen, water, and food in the form of sugar. The primary mechanism plants have for capturing light energy is the pigment chlorophyll. Inside chlorophyll a chemical process happens that turns carbon dioxide into organic compounds, mainly sugars, using light energy. Photosynthesis is very important for life on Earth. Most plants either directly or indirectly depend on it.



**Gorwing Plants from Seeds**

 * **An actvity for students**

====As previously stated, plants require carbon dioxide, water and sunlight in order to photosynthesise. A common activity for Ks1 pupils is getting them to grow plants from their own seeds. This helps visualize the concept that plants grow from seeds. You can further adapt this by growing seeds with the appropriate requirements and growing others where a requirement is taken away (such as water or light), in order for the pupils to see how this affects growth. ====

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**The Structure of a plant**
Flowers are where the reproduction of a plant takes place.
 * **Flowers**

Leaves come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes. They are the plants food factory and the main site of photosynthesis.
 * Leaves**

Stems support the leaves, flowers and fruits of the plant. Stems transport water, sugar and minerals to leaves and roots.
 * Stems**

Roots provide a huge surface area for absorbtion. They allow the absorbtion and transportation of water and minerals. Roots also provide anchorage in the soil. || ||
 * Roots**

**The structure of a Plant: a song for Ks1**
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**Reproduction**
Reproduction of plants takes place on their flowers. The parts and functions of flowers are highlighted below.



Collective term for all the female reproductive organs of a flower comprising one or more carpels.
 * < **Gynoecium (pistil)**

The name for one of the flowers female reproductive organs, contrainig a stigma, style and ovary.
 * Carpel**

Part of the female repoructive system where pollen germinates
 * Stigma**

The elongated part of the carpel that holds the stigma at it's tip
 * Style**

The hollow region at the base of the carpel that contains one or more ovules.
 * Ovary**

The structures in the chamber of an ovary containing the egg cell, within the embryo sac. The ovule develops into the seed after fertilisation. ||< || Collective term for all the male reproductive organs of a flower.
 * Ovules**
 * < **Androecium**

The male reproductive organ of a flower consisting of a filiment and an anther.
 * Stamen**

Contains the pollen.
 * Anther**

The stalk that holds the anther. ||< || The floral envelope, usually divisible into an outer whorl (calyx) of sepals and an inner whorl (corolla) of petals. ||<  || The collective term for all the sepals of a flower.
 * Filament**
 * < **Perianth**
 * < **Calyx**

A floral leaf or individual part of the calyx of a flower. It is generally green and forms the outer protective layer in a bud. ||< || The collective term for all the petals of a flower.
 * Sepal**
 * < **Corolla**

A sterile part of a flower, usually brightly coloured in order to attract pollinating insects. ||< || A flat, concave or convex part of the stem from which all parts of the flower arise. ||< ||
 * Petal**
 * < **Receptacle**

**Pollination**
To be pollinated, pollen must be moved from a stamen to the stigma. When pollen from a plant's stamen is transferred to that same plant's stigma, it is called self-pollination. When pollen from a plant's stamen is transferred to a different plant's stigma it is called cross-pollination. The plants must be of the same species. For example, only pollen from a daffodil can pollinate another daffodil; pollen from a rose would not work.

Animals such as bees, butterflies, moths, flies, and hummingbirds pollinate plants. Usually they are at the plant to get food, the sticky pollen or a sweet nectar made at the base of the petals. When feeding, the animals accidentally rub against the stamens and get pollen stuck all over themselves. When they move to another flower to feed, some of the pollen can rub off onto this new plant's stigma. Plants that are pollinated by animals often are brightly colored and have a strong smell to attract the animal pollinators.

Another way plants are pollinated is by the wind. The wind picks up pollen from one plant and blows it onto another. Plants that are pollinated by wind often have long stamens and carpels. Since they do not need to attract animal pollinators, they can be dully colored, unscented and with smaller petals.

Once the flower is germinated it turns into a fruit, which contains seeds. When the fruit is consumed or falls to the ground and breaks down, the seeds are revealed, and under the right conditions germinate.

**Germination**
Germintion is the process of growth, and the emergence of a shoot and root from a seed. This shoot matures into a fully grown plant capable of starting the life cycle again through pollination.



**Factors affecting germination**
Seeds from different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of temperatures. Seeds often have a temperature range within which they will germinate
 * Temperature**

Oxygen is required by the germinating seed in order for it to metabolise. Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration, the main source of the seedling's energy until it grows leaves. Oxygen is found in soil spaces; if a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or the soil is waterlogged, the seed can be starved of oxygen.
 * Oxygen**

Seeds need water for germination. They are often very dry and need to absorb water before it can begin to grow. Most seeds need enough water to moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them. The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition, which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat. When seeds are formed, most plants store a food reserve with the seed, usually consisting of protein, oils or starch.
 * Water**